Axillary Lymphadenectomy
Axillary Lymphadenectomy CRITICAL ELEMENTS Identification of Anatomical Structures for Level I and II Axillary Dissection Removal of Level III Nodes Removal of Rotter Nodes Removal of a Sufficient Number of…
ONCOLOGY
Total Mastectomy
Total Mastectomy CRITICAL ELEMENTS Incision Placement Boundaries of Mastectomy Mastectomy Flap Elevation Excision of the Pectoralis Major Muscle Prevention of Seroma/Drain Placement 1. INCISION PLACEMENT Recommendation: Incisions for total mastectomy…
Partial Mastectomy
Partial Mastectomy CRITICAL ELEMENTS Tumor Resection Tumor Localization Intraoperative Specimen Imaging Specimen Orientation Clip Placement for Radiation Targeting in Oncoplastic Cases 1. TUMOR RESECTION Recommendation: The surgeon should aim to…
Introduction
Introduction Breast cancer treatment is rapidly changing, leaving clinicians unsure of best practices. Although surgical resection and staging remains the cornerstone of breast cancer treatment, it does not exist in…
Viral Disorders
Viral Disorders Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic has infected 56 million persons worldwide, including 20 million who have already died. An estimated 1.1 million persons…
Infection Associated with Neuropathy
Infection Associated with Neuropathy Charcot Arthropathy A wide spectrum of neurologic disorders are associated with the late development of neuropathic joint: Spinal cord level or higher Syphilis (tabes dorsalis) Syringomyelia…
Granulomatous Infection
Granulomatous Infection Granuloma is defined as a microscopic-sized aggregation of histiocytes and hypertrophied fibroblasts termed epithelioid cells, centrally located and rimmed by a chronic inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes and plasma…
Bacterial Infection
Bacterial Infection Acute Osteomyelitis Rapidly progressive pyogenic infection Types Hematogenous: usually in children with local trauma Contiguous: from an open wound, surgical wound, or adjacent area of infection (ear infection,…
Introduction
Introduction The clinical presentation of infection is a function of time, location, and the nature of the organism and host. Acute bacterial disorders represent urgent clinical problems that, left untreated,…
