Pathogenesis of Primary Adrenal Cushing’s Syndrome
Adrenocortical adenoma Micronodular disease Macronodular disease MAS PPNAD/iMAD/CNC BMAH A. Genetic alterations 1. cAMP/PKA signaling pathway – – MC2R a (missense) – GNAS a – GNAS a GNAS a…
ENDOCRINOLOGY
and Nonneoplastic/Physiological Hypercortisolism: Cushing Versus Pseudo-Cushing Syndromes
Neoplastic/pathological hypercortisolism ACTH-secreting neoplasm Pituitary (Cushing disease) Non-pituitary (ectopic ACTH) Adrenal neoplastic disease Adrenocortical adenoma Adrenocortical carcinoma Bilateral adrenal nodular disease Primary pigmented micronodular hyperplasia Primary bilateral macronodular hyperplasia Nonneoplastic/physiological…
Metabolism as a Regulator of the Tissue-Specific Glucocorticoid Action
Fig. 1 Pre-receptor regulation of glucocorticoid availability governs access to bind and activate the glucocorticoid receptor Circulating GC levels are tightly controlled by the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis , which regulates…
Disease, Refining the Definition of Remission and Recurrence
Author No. of patients (n) Follow-up (months) Remission rate (%) Overnight dexa Bochicchio et al. [41] 668 Mean 24; median 13 76.3 Chee et al. [56] 61 Median 88…
Adrenal Cortisol Excess
Fig. 1 Left adrenal incidentaloma with subtle autonomous cortisol secretion in a 37-year-old woman (white arrow); the right adrenal gland is partially atrophied (black arrow). Over 1 year, the cortisol…
Therapies in Cushing’s Syndrome
Steroidogenesis inhibitors Ketoconazole Metyrapone Mitotane Etomidate Centrally acting agents Cabergoline Pasireotide Glucocorticoid receptor antagonist Mifepristone Note: With the exception of pasireotide and mifepristone, these agents are used “off-label” in Cushing’s…
Strategies for Localization of ACTH-Secreting Tumors
Reference Type of MRI sequence Magnet strength (T) Matrix size TR/TE (ms) FOV (cm) Slice thickness (mm) Sensb FPc Kasaliwal et al. [9] Dynamic contrast spin echo (DC-SE) 1.5 256…
Inflammation and Immunity
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017Eliza B. Geer (ed.)The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Health and Disease10.1007/978-3-319-45950-9_3 Glucocorticoids: Inflammation and Immunity Maria G. Petrillo1, Carl D. Bortner1 and John A. Cidlowski1 (1) Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,…
Regulation of Body Composition and Metabolism
Fig. 1 Effects of GCs on body composition and metabolism . GCs promote whole-body insulin resistance via visceral adipogenesis, mobilization, and release of free fatty acids into the circulation and…
and Treatment of Aggressive Corticotroph Pituitary Tumors
(a) WHO classification Typical Atypical Carcinoma Histologic features Ki-67 < 3 % Ki-67 ≥ 3 %, increased mitoses, extensive p53 staining Ki-67 ≥ 3 %, increased mitoses, extensive p53 staining…
