Type 1 (absolute insulin deficiency) A. Autoimmune B. Idiopathic Type 2 (insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency) Genetic disorders of insulin secretion A. Monogenic diabetes B. Mitochondrial diabetes Disorders of…
Tumour Symptoms Insulinoma Confusion, sweating, weakness, unconsciousness, relief of symptoms with eating Gastrinoma Peptic ulceration and diarrea (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, or diarrea alone Glucagonoma Weight loss, diabetes mellitus, diarrea, necrolytic migratory…
83% papillary 60% papillary 23% follicular variant of papillary 10% follicular thyroid cancer 5% medullary 2% other From Ref. [5], with permission Papillary Thyroid Cancer Pathologic features of papillary thyroid…
Fig. 3.1 Pathway for pediatric thyroid nodules. *Purely cystic lesions, i.e., no solid component, are not managed using this guideline. Surgical consultation may be considered. Recommend external expert review if atypia…
Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ The adrenal gland is composed of a cortex and medulla that have different embryologic origins. ▴ The adrenal cortex arises from the coelomic mesoderm between…
Step 1 Surgical Anatomy Surgical Landmarks ♦ When planning the skin incision, the most important landmarks are the laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage (which will help define the midline)…
Step 1 Surgical Anatomy Thyroid ♦ The thyroid consists of two lobes joined by an isthmus. The normal weight of the adult gland is approximately 20 grams. Each lobe has…
Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ The adrenal glands lie partially anterior, superior, and medial to the renal upper poles. The caudal limb of the left adrenal lies in close proximity…
Step 1 Indications for Surgical Therapy ♦ Thyroidectomy is the most common endocrine operation performed, and nodular thyroid disease is the most common endocrine disorder. ♦ Nodular thyroid disease affects…
Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ The pancreas is located in the lesser sac, with its anterior surface in the peritoneum and its posterior surface in the retroperitoneum. It is divided…
