Introduction Throughout history, humans have sought to understand the differences between biological sexes and the mechanisms responsible for these biological differences. Normal gonadal differentiation and sex development depend on the…
Introduction What makes one an effective user of the clinical laboratory? Such a user: • Identifies at least one sympathetic ally in the clinical laboratory to whom one can reach…
Overview Pregnancy is a complex physiological state consisting of a symbiotic relationship between two genetically distinct, but related, individuals: the mother and the fetus. The success of pregnancy requires dramatic…
Introduction Hormones exert their actions by binding to specific receptor proteins, a process that induces conformational changes or compartmental redistribution of these proteins. The activated receptor is now capable of…
Introduction The study of the endocrine system has undergone a dramatic evolution since the 1990s, from the traditional physiologic studies that dominated the field for many years to the discoveries…
Historical background Endocrinology is a discipline of science that seeks to understand how chemical signals secreted by cells regulate the function of distant (endocrine) or local (paracrine) tissues, or even…
63.1 Insufficiency fracture The world population is aging with its many manifestations, not least in the sale of diapers. Recently in Japan, for the very first time ever, the sale…
63.1 Insufficiency fracture The world population is aging with its many manifestations, not least in the sale of diapers. Recently in Japan, for the very first time ever, the sale…
54.1 Introduction Since the kidney is essential for regulation of mineral metabolism, bone disease is an inevitable consequence of renal damage. Treatment is challenging due to the complex physiology and…
81.1 Introduction Analysis of the iliac crest bone biopsy provides information on cellular behavior and the material properties of bone matrix that cannot be obtained by any other technique. For…
