Keypoints Insulin resistance both precedes and predicts type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The insulin resistance preceding T2DM is commonly referred to as the metabolic syndrome. Development of T2DM (i.e. overt…

Keypoints The majority of people with diabetes without complications or co-morbidities can be well managed within the community; however, people with more complicated disease warrant referral to specialists. How to…

Keypoints An estimated 700 000 children have diabetes worldwide; 100 000 new cases are diagnosed annually; the incidence has been increasing by up to 5% annually, over decades. Type 1a…

Keypoints The number of women with diabetes becoming pregnant is increasing, in line with the increase in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) among women of reproductive age. Rising obesity levels are…

Keypoints Both type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can affect the psychologic and neuropsychologic status of children and adults. In most instances, these effects are modest in…

Keypoints The pathophysiologic mechanisms in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) involve loss of islet β-cell secretory function caused by selective killing of these cells primarily by aggressive autoimmune responses involving both…

Keypoints Future diabetes care will continue to be delivered mainly in the primary care setting. Efforts must continue to bridge the gap between evidence-based recommendations and the current outcomes of…

Keypoints Lifestyle interventions to improve glucose, blood pressure and lipid levels, and to promote weight loss or at least to avoid weight gain remain the underlying strategy throughout the management…

Keypoints Incretins are gut hormones that enhance glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and have an important role in the regulation of post-prandial glucose levels. The major incretin hormones are glucagon-like peptide 1…

Keypoints Gene therapy for diabetes can be defined as transfer of DNA to somatic cells in order to understand, treat or prevent the disease or its complications. Because the etiology…