Fig. 12.1 (a) The locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenicity Island found in EHEC, which encodes factors responsible for type III secretion and pedestal formation. LEE1 encodes for ler, the…
Fig. 9.1 Structures involved in adrenergic signaling. (a) Host hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. (b) The structure of AI-3 has not been solved, but may resemble epinephrine and norepinephrine. (c) The…
Fig. 1.1 Social conflict in mice is conducted by the simple placement of a group-housed mouse also known as an “intruder” (in picture, black) into the cage of a singly-housed…
Fig. 15.1 The microbiome industrial age. Host genetics, life style and available nutrients (diet) are the main determinants of the composition and diversity of the intestinal microbiome. This lays the…
Fig. 14.1 From: Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri Attenuates the Stressor-Enhanced Severity of Citrobacter rodentium Infection. Probiotic intervention reduces stressor-enhanced anxiety-like behavior and significantly reduces circulating IL-6 at the peak of infection….
Designation of nerves Bronchial smooth muscle Mucociliary system Bronchial vessels Parasympathetic nerves1 Constriction Secretion Dilation Sympathetic nerves2 a Inhibitory nonadrenergic noncholinergic nerves3 Dilation Excitatory nonadrenergic noncholinergic nerves4 Constriction Secretion…
Fig. 6.1 Noradrenergic innervation in an oblique longitudinal section of porcine distal colon. (a) Colonic mucosa was triple-labelled for dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH; red), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; green), and the tight-junction…
Fig. 7.1 Nutritional Immunity: a competition between mammalian iron sequestration and bacterial iron acquisition that influences bacterial growth proficiency in the mammalian host. Transferrin and other host iron binding proteins…
Fig. 5.1 Functional classes of enteric neurons and their major projections to the mucosa, submucosal neurons, and smooth muscle coats in the intestinal wall of a large mammal, such as…
Fig. 3.1 Proximity of enteric cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers to IgA-expressing plasma cells and secretory component (SC)-expressing epithelial cells in porcine ileum. Confocal micrographs are representative of observations in…
