Lipoprotein Glycation in Diabetes Mellitus
Fig. 8.1 Biochemistry of early and late glycation. (a) Early steps of the Maillard reaction. The reducing sugars in open chain form reacting an amino groups on proteins to form…
ENDOCRINOLOGY
Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis
Fig. 3.1 Insulin resistance (IR) is selective to the PI3K (predominantly metabolic) effects of insulin. Hyperinsulinemia, a common concomitant of IR, results in exaggerated MAPK (predominantly nuclear and mitogenic) effects…
Tools for Assessing Lipoprotein Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus
Fig. 12.1 The design and general method of conduct of investigations of lipoprotein and apoprotein metabolism which employ isotopes. Studies investigating lipoprotein metabolism in plasma frequently employ isotopic labeling of…
Lipid: Extracellular Matrix Interactions as Therapeutic Targets in the Atherosclerosis of Diabetes
Fig. 11.1 Process involved in the generation of an inhibitor of proteoglycan synthesis for the prevention of atherosclerosis. An inhibitor of growth factor-mediated elongation of glycosaminoglycan chains on proteoglycans, such…
Laboratory Assessment of Lipoproteins in Diabetes
Intercurrent illness (with acute phase inflammation) Increased VLDL (TG), reduced HDL-C, LDL-C Hemoconcentration (dehydration, upright posture, prolonged tourniquet, squeezing to obtain fingerprick sample) Proportionate increase in most analytes, including lipoproteins…
Material Properties of Diabetic Bone
Fig. 9.1 The ability of bone to resist fracture depends on each level of organizational hierarchy from the triple helix of collagen being cross-linked (left) and filled with mineral crystals…
Fracture Risk Assessment in Diabetes
Screening tool, URL Risk factors Outputs SCORE (Simple Calculated Risk Estimation Score) [19] • Age, weight, previous fracture, estrogen use, rheumatoid arthritis, race • Risk score for femoral neck T-scores ≤ −2.0…
Bone Quality in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Fig. 10.1 Image of the Reference Point Indentation (RPI) Instrument, the first microindentation device to be utilized in human subjects for the measurement of indices of bone material properties in…
Imaging of Diabetic Bone Structure
Fig. 11.1 HR-pQCT. (a) Demonstrates the correct patient positioning for a lower extremity scan. The patient’s lower extremity is immobilized through a carbon fiber cast and is anchored in the…
Diabetes-Related Conditions and Complications in Orthopaedic Surgery
Fig. 4.1 General classification of hip fractures The overall incidence of femoral neck fractures in the USA is between 0.4 and 1.0 % [15, 16], and the estimated cost of…
