22.1 Physical activity across the life span for osteoporosis and fracture prevention Physical activity (PA) is vital for musculoskeletal health and an important component of osteoporosis and fracture prevention across…
29.1 Introduction Osteoporosis is a costly, major global public health problem. In the United States (US), 10 million individuals have osteoporosis and another 44 million have low bone mass (or…
33.1 Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB, and osteoprotegerin Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) ligand (RANKL) is tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily ligand 11…
24.1 Introduction Women spend about one-third of their life span in the postmenopausal period. Menopause represents a vulnerable time in a women’s life for a number of reasons, but in…
28.1 Introduction The clinical significance of osteoporosis is in its outcome of fracture. Fracture is not a benign condition, particularly in the aging population where it occurs most frequently, and…
15.1 Introduction and background The mineralized bones of the skeleton are critical to load bearing and locomotion of vertebrates. The structure of the tissue within the bones is well suited…
19.1 Introduction In this chapter, we first address some of the problems inherent in using a racial classification system for describing human variation. We then describe variations in bone and…
23.1 Introduction Risk of osteoporosis and fracture in older women is, in large part, related to the woman’s bone mineral density (BMD) ; however, the predisposition to osteoporosis and fracture…
26.1 Introduction Falls are one of the most common health concerns facing older adults today. About one-third of community-dwelling persons over the age of 65 years and nearly one-half of…
27.1 Physical characteristics 27.1.1 Gender For most types of osteoporosis-related fractures, women are at greater risk than men . In a worldwide study of fractures in 2000, there were 9.0…
