Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis Reproductive endocrinology includes the hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and the adrenal glands. The hormones necessary for proper reproductive function include gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating…
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can be broadly classified as gastrointestinal NETs (GI-NETs) also referred to as previously and more commonly as carcinoid tumors and pancreatic NETs…
The thyroid gland The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands in the body and is located immediately below the larynx and anterior to the upper part of…
The primary function of a clinical laboratory is to provide accurate and clinically relevant data for the diagnosis of medical conditions in patients. Laboratory data can also be used to…
Anterior pituitary The anterior pituitary secretes the peptide hormones growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and the glycoprotein hormones thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone…
Abstract “Normal ranges” for hematologic values of neonates are not available. This is because blood is not drawn on healthy normal neonates to establish such ranges, as is done with…
Abstract The fetal–placental–maternal unit can produce significant abnormalities in the neonate’s hematologic health at birth. A newborn can have disorders of white blood cells, red blood cells, or platelets, or…
Abstract Solid tumors in neonates can arise anywhere in the body and present unique challenges to clinicians. Benign tumors are most common [1], and are typically less amenable to chemotherapy…
Abstract Leukemia in the neonatal period is very rare and can present as early as the day of birth [1, 2]. Acute leukemia arises from clonal changes in hematopoietic precursor…
Abstract Neonatal transfusion therapy requires an understanding of the dynamic interactions of the fetomaternal unit, the physiologic changes that accompany the transition from fetus to neonate to infant, and the…
