Neurophysiologic Reflex Mechanisms in Immunology Sangeeta S. Chavan Kevin J. Tracey INTRODUCTION A fundamental principle in biology is that organ function is maintained within a narrow physiologic range, one optimal…
The Mucosal Immune System Yasmine Belkaid INTRODUCTION Most antigens encountered by the immune system enter the body through the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory, gastrointestinal (GI), and urogenital tracts, and…
Regulatory/Suppressor T Cells Ethan M. Shevach INTRODUCTION T cells are crucial in the immune response because they can function as both effector cells in cell-mediated responses and as helper cells…
Immunologic Tolerance Christopher C. Goodnow Pamela S. Ohashi INTRODUCTION How the immune system tolerates molecules that are part of our body yet mounts a destructive response against molecules that are…
Immunologic Memory Shane Crotty Susan M. Kaech Stephen P. Schoenberger MEMORY AS A BIOLOGIC CONCEPT The Protected State Yet it was with those who had recovered from the disease that…
Programmed Cell Death Andrew L. Snow Michael J. Lenardo INTRODUCTION Nontransformed cells have a finite lifespan. After a characteristic number of divisions, cells generally undergo senescence, stop dividing, and subsequently…
Helper T-Cell Differentiation and Plasticity John J. O’Shea INTRODUCTION Cluster of differentiation (CD)4 T cells are critical for the elimination of microbial pathogens, but different types of microbes demand distinct…
Chemokines Philip M. Murphy INTRODUCTION Chemokines constitute a large specialized family of cytokines that regulate immune responses by activating specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on leukocytes.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14 Chemokines may act at…
Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Cytokines in Immunity Carl F. Ware INTRODUCTION Lymphocytes are highly mobile, transiting the vascular and lymphatic circulatory systems with limited stopovers in organized lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes,…
The Interleukin-1 Family Charles A. Dinarello Mihai G. Netea INTRODUCTION More than any other cytokine family, the interleukin (IL)-1 family of ligands and receptors is primarily associated with acute and…
