Thyroid Function Testing
THYROIDAL RADIOIODIDE UPTAKE The iodide radioisotope usually is given orally in a capsule or in liquid form, and the quantity that is accumulated by the thyroid gland at various intervals…
Thyroid Regulatory Factors
The thyroid gland is also influenced by various other nonspecific hormones.16 Hydrocortisone exerts a differentiating action in vitro.17 Estrogens affect the thyroid by unknown mechanisms, directly or indirectly, as exemplified…
Delayed Puberty
Kallmann Syndrome The prototype of GnRH deficiency exists in the form of Kallmann syndrome, which refers to the association between hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia, first described in 1944.49 Sporadic cases…
Graves’ Disease
FIGURE 80-1. Portrait of Dr. Robert J. Graves. (From Taylor S: Robert Graves. The Golden Years of Irish Medicine. New York: Royal Society of Medicine Services, 1989.) Epidemiology Graves’ disease…
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Natural History
FIGURE 41-1. Summary of the metabolic abnormalities in type 2 diabetes mellitus that contribute to hyperglycemia. Increased hepatic glucose production, impaired insulin secretion, and insulin resistance caused by receptor and…
Diabetic Eye Disease
FIGURE 52-1. Hypothesized pathogenetic mechanisms for the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. EGR, Electroretinogram; OP, oscillatory potential. Natural History of Diabetic Retinopathy NONPROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY The earliest diabetes-induced changes…
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone: Physiology and Secretion
FIGURE 73-1. Structural organization of the human TSH subunit genes and mRNAs. The two panels show the TSHβ (top) and α subunit (bottom) genes. Shown are the relative locations and…
Gastrointestinal Hormones and Tumor Syndromes
FIGURE 152-1. Communication in the gastrointestinal endocrine system. Gastrointestinal endocrine cells respond to nutrients (open-type cells) and/or stretch (closed-type cells). They may release peptides into the circulation to affect distant…
Genetic Defects in Vitamin D Metabolism and Action
FIGURE 66-1. Schematic representation of the main steps of the vitamin D biosynthetic pathway, where genetic aberrations may lead to rickets and osteomalacia. The renal defect in pseudo–vitamin D–deficiency rickets…
Amenorrhea, Anovulation, and Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
FIGURE 129-1. Menstrual cycle length in relation to age. The median and 5th and 95th percentiles are indicated. Note the marked variation in length of the menstrual cycle at the…
