Fig. 9.1 Macrophages foam cell formation. Under oxidative stress, macrophages generate reactive oxygen species and through activation of NADPH oxidase complex (1) increase the production and release of superoxide ions…
Randomized clinical trial Original publication year Diabetic subjects (n) Study focus group Statin type (mg/day) Average follow-up (years) Primary enrollment locations 4S 1994 202 CHD Simva 20–40 5.4 Scandinavia WOSCOPS…
Fig. 13.1 (a) Nitric oxide (NO) is produced from l-arginine and molecular oxygen (O2) by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in a tightly “coupled” process involving tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and NADPH….
Number of patients Treatment comparison (mg/day) Median follow-up in survivors (years)a Mean age (years) Baseline LDL-C (mmol/L) Prior CHDb Other vascular diseasec No prior vascular disease Women LDL-C difference…
Fig. 14.1 Prospective analysis of all-cause mortality in the FinnDiane cohort. Prospective analysis of all-cause mortality in the FinnDiane cohort of type 1 diabetes after an average of 7 years…
IgGa IgMa IgG/IgM ratio Mean 84.2 4.5 34.0 S.D. 82.8 7.1 43.6 Median 60.2 2.6 19.7 Range 0.2–588 0–135 0.2–482 aValues in μg/mL The Composition of Circulating Modified LDL…
Fig. 7.1 Schematic view of Lp(a) Table 7.1 Average composition of Lp(a) in comparison to LDL Lp(a) (%) LDL (%) Protein 30.0 21.0 Carbohydrates 10.0 1.3 Cholesteryl esters 31.5…
Lifestyle Optimize glycemic control in people with diabetes Weight loss if overweight or obese Physical exercise Nonsmoking Healthy diet Plant sterol-supplemented foods Predominantly LDL-lowering treatments HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors e.g., rosuvastatin,…
Trial name No. of patients No. of patients with DM Changes in lipids in treatment group compared to control Outcome Niacin Placebo Niacin Placebo TC TGs LDL-C HDL-C Coronary Drug…
Fig. 2.1 Lipoprotein size-density relationship. Lipid subclasses are present in a continuum of size and density, with an especially large gradient for the TG-rich lipoproteins IDL, VLDL, and chylomicrons. Technologies…
