Fig. 5.1 Schematic presentation of the activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis across the life cycle. During the neonatal window, pulsatile GnRH stimulates LH and FSH secretion which induce adult levels of…
Fig. 2.1 Fetal testis. a Fetal mouse: low magnification of a semi-thin section showing seminiferous tubules (ST) and interstitial tissue (I). b Fetal mouse: higher magnification of (a) showing gonocytes (G)…
Fig. 1.1 Model depicting the role of ARC KNDy neurons in the generation of pulsatile GnRH release. KNDy neurons in the ARC nucleus form an interconnected population with their axons and/or…
Fig. 7.1 Adrenal steroid synthesis. StAR steroidogenic autoregulatory protein; SCC (cholesterol) side-chain cleavage enzyme; 3β-HSD 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; 17β-HSD 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Prevalence Most enzyme deficiencies that cause CAH are extremely rare, except…
Causes of chronic liver disease Prevalence in United States Associated type of hypogonadism Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 11% Unclear, but likely more secondary Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) 2% Both…
Fig. 17.1 Relationship between age and hormones. This figure shows mean hormone values at 5-year age bands with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) in 3220 European men. Mean hormone values with…
Ref. n BMI (kg/m2) Testosterone ng/dL (nmol/L) SHBG nmo/L MetS HOMA-IR Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post [148] 22 46.2 ± 0.9 −16.6% 340 ± 21 636 ± 186 +21.6 [149] 33 50.3 ± 6.1 31.5 ± 4.7 248 ± 91…
Fig. 18.1 Who should be treated with androgen replacement therapy? Variations in sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) gene polymorphisms and SHBG levels directly affect T levels (see Chap. 15). In genome-wide association…
Fig. 14.1 Main environmental and lifestyle factors affecting testicular development and/or function in adulthood Seasonal Effects on Testicular Function Though humans are considered to be non-seasonal mammals, we are undoubtedly sensitive…
Drug Trade name Application Dose Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Brevactid®a Pregnylb Novarelb s.c. or i.m. 1000–2500 IU twice weekly (on Mondays and Fridays) Recombinant FSH (rFSH) Gonal F®a, Puregon®a Follistimb s.c….
