Target tissue Glucocorticoid hypersensitivity = Glucocorticoid excess Glucocorticoid resistance = Glucocorticoid deficiency Central nervous system Insomnia, anxiety, depression, defective cognition Fatigue, somnolence, malaise, defective cognition Liver + Gluconeogenesis, + lipogenesis…
Adrenocortical adenoma Micronodular disease Macronodular disease MAS PPNAD/iMAD/CNC BMAH A. Genetic alterations 1. cAMP/PKA signaling pathway – – MC2R a (missense) – GNAS a – GNAS a GNAS a…
Neoplastic/pathological hypercortisolism ACTH-secreting neoplasm Pituitary (Cushing disease) Non-pituitary (ectopic ACTH) Adrenal neoplastic disease Adrenocortical adenoma Adrenocortical carcinoma Bilateral adrenal nodular disease Primary pigmented micronodular hyperplasia Primary bilateral macronodular hyperplasia Nonneoplastic/physiological…
Fig. 1 Pre-receptor regulation of glucocorticoid availability governs access to bind and activate the glucocorticoid receptor Circulating GC levels are tightly controlled by the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis , which regulates…
Author No. of patients (n) Follow-up (months) Remission rate (%) Overnight dexa Bochicchio et al. [41] 668 Mean 24; median 13 76.3 Chee et al. [56] 61 Median 88…
Fig. 1 Left adrenal incidentaloma with subtle autonomous cortisol secretion in a 37-year-old woman (white arrow); the right adrenal gland is partially atrophied (black arrow). Over 1 year, the cortisol…
Steroidogenesis inhibitors Ketoconazole Metyrapone Mitotane Etomidate Centrally acting agents Cabergoline Pasireotide Glucocorticoid receptor antagonist Mifepristone Note: With the exception of pasireotide and mifepristone, these agents are used “off-label” in Cushing’s…
Reference Type of MRI sequence Magnet strength (T) Matrix size TR/TE (ms) FOV (cm) Slice thickness (mm) Sensb FPc Kasaliwal et al. [9] Dynamic contrast spin echo (DC-SE) 1.5 256…
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017Eliza B. Geer (ed.)The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Health and Disease10.1007/978-3-319-45950-9_3 Glucocorticoids: Inflammation and Immunity Maria G. Petrillo1, Carl D. Bortner1 and John A. Cidlowski1 (1) Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,…
Fig. 1 Effects of GCs on body composition and metabolism . GCs promote whole-body insulin resistance via visceral adipogenesis, mobilization, and release of free fatty acids into the circulation and…
