Immunologic Memory
Immunologic Memory Shane Crotty Susan M. Kaech Stephen P. Schoenberger MEMORY AS A BIOLOGIC CONCEPT The Protected State Yet it was with those who had recovered from the disease that…
Programmed Cell Death
Programmed Cell Death Andrew L. Snow Michael J. Lenardo INTRODUCTION Nontransformed cells have a finite lifespan. After a characteristic number of divisions, cells generally undergo senescence, stop dividing, and subsequently…
Helper T-Cell Differentiation and Plasticity
Helper T-Cell Differentiation and Plasticity John J. O’Shea INTRODUCTION Cluster of differentiation (CD)4 T cells are critical for the elimination of microbial pathogens, but different types of microbes demand distinct…
Chemokines
Chemokines Philip M. Murphy INTRODUCTION Chemokines constitute a large specialized family of cytokines that regulate immune responses by activating specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on leukocytes.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14 Chemokines may act at…
Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Cytokines in Immunity
Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Cytokines in Immunity Carl F. Ware INTRODUCTION Lymphocytes are highly mobile, transiting the vascular and lymphatic circulatory systems with limited stopovers in organized lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes,…
The Interleukin-1 Family
The Interleukin-1 Family Charles A. Dinarello Mihai G. Netea INTRODUCTION More than any other cytokine family, the interleukin (IL)-1 family of ligands and receptors is primarily associated with acute and…
Type I Cytokines and Interferons, and Their Receptors
Type I Cytokines and Interferons, and Their Receptors Warren J. Leonard OVERVIEW AND ISSUES OF NOMENCLATURE Cytokines are proteins that are secreted by cells and transduce signals via specific cell…
Fc Receptors and Their Role in Immune Regulation and Inflammation
Fc Receptors and Their Role in Immune Regulation and Inflammation Jeffrey V. Ravetch Falk Nimmerjahn HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Cellular receptors for immunoglobulins (Igs) were anticipated by the description of cytophilic antibodies…
Immunogenicity and Antigen Structure
Immunogenicity and Antigen Structure Jay A. Berzofsky Ira J. Berkower THE NATURE OF ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS RECOGNIZED BY ANTIBODIES Haptens In the antigen-antibody binding reaction, the antibodybinding site is often unable…
The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Its Proteins
The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Its Proteins David H. Margulies Kannan Natarajan Jamie Rossjohn James McCluskey INTRODUCTION The extended family of glycoproteins known as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and MHC-like…
