Apoptosis, Necrosis, and Autophagy
Figure 14-1 Antagonistic pleiotropy This concept states that signals that engage the cell cycle also engage cell death, and tissues therefore expand only if cell death is blocked. Note that…
The Metabolism of Cell Growth and Proliferation
Figure 13-1 Mitochondria efficiently degrade metabolic fuels to generate ATP Metabolic fuels—carbohydrates, fats, and proteins—are broken down into their constituent units: glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. These molecules are…
Regulation of the Cell Cycle
Figure 11-1 The cell cycle. Table 11-1 CDKs, Activating Cyclins, and Select Substrates CDK Cyclin Partner Substrate CDKi (CDC2) A and B Lamins, histone Hi CDK2 E and A Rb,…
Colon and Rectal Cancer
PMS2, MSH6 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome Hamartomatous polyps throughout the gastrointestinal tract; mucocutaneous pigmentation; estimated 9-to 13-fold increased risk of gastrointestinal (GI) and non-GI cancers LKB1/STK11 Cowden disease Multiple hamartomas involving breast,…
DNA Repair Pathways and Human Cancer
There is also considerable redundancy in the function of the DNA repair pathways. When one pathway is disrupted, another pathway can partially compensate, especially if the second pathway is upregulated….
Molecular Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer
Figure 37-1 Intra-abdominal spread of ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancers metastasize through lymphatics to lymph nodes at the level of the renal hilus, through blood vessels to the liver and other…
Oncogenes and Signal Transduction
Figure 2-1 Receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in cancer Scheme for growth factor signaling through receptor tyrosine kinases. Oncogenes Oncogenes encode proteins that possess the ability to cause cellular transformation. These…
Cancer and the Cellular Immune Response
Figure 51-1 Toll-like receptor (TLR) family subdivision Phylogenetic analyses of the amino acid sequence and structure of TLRs suggest that they are evolved to recognize a variety of pathogen-derived signals…
Molecular Abnormalities in Kidney Cancer
Table 39-2 2004 WHO Classification Of RCC Approximately 2% to 5% of kidney cancers are linked to a recognized cancer predisposition syndrome, and there is at least one such syndrome…
