Keypoints Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels will increasingly be presented using the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry standard expressed as mmol/mol of unglycated hemoglobin. The equivalent of the current HbA1c levels…
Keypoints Diabetes is a strong and independent risk factor for ischemic cerebrovascular disease with a relative risk of around two. Ischemic stroke in the patient with diabetes has worse outcomes,…
Keypoints Adolescence is characterized by significant and complex biological, social and psychologic changes that occur during the teenage years. Adolescents with diabetes establish a long-term positive bond with their pediatric…
Keypoints Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pumps and continuous glucose monitors can be effective tools for improving metabolic control in patients with type 1 diabetes. Pump therapy provides increased lifestyle flexibility,…
Keypoints Driving Potential hazards facing the driver with diabetes include hypoglycemia, visual impairment, and disability from severe neuropathy or leg amputation. Hypoglycemia can severely disrupt driving skills by causing cognitive…
Keypoints Diabetes results in a range of distressing symptoms, altered daily functioning (requiring attentive monitoring and treatments), changed family roles, higher costs, lost productivity and premature mortality, which are felt…
Keypoints Patients with type 1 diabetes usually present with classic symptoms and occasionally diabetic ketoacidosis. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may be asymptomatic or present with classic symptoms….
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Keypoints Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) develops in genetically susceptible individuals after a preclinical phase of variable length usually with immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, and requires lifelong treatment with…
Keypoints Diabetic ketoacidosis Lack of insulin is the culprit in diabetic ketoacidosis. The most common precipitating cause is infection. The classic signs include polyuria and polydipsia, rapid weight loss, weakness,…
