Gastrointestinal factors: Insufficient oral intake Malabsorption resulting from chronic pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, Whipple’s disease, radiation enteritis, bariatric surgery Metabolic factors: Chronic renal insufficiency (from decreased…
Measurement Surgery recommended in all who meet the following guideline Age <50 years old Bone mineral density T-score <−2.5 at any site and/or prior fragility fracture Creatinine clearance (calculated) <60…
2. Caumo A, Bergman RN, Cobelli C. Insulin sensitivity from meal tolerance tests in normal subjects: a minimal model index. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(11):4396–402.PubMedCrossRef 3. Pillonetto G, Caumo A,…
Fig. 14.1 Brain areas crucial to mineralocorticoid-salt and renovascular hypertension History A century after Addison described patients with adrenal cortical destruction as having “asthenic” hearts, deoxycorticosterone, DOC, the first mineralocorticoid…
Fig. 5.1 Pathway of adrenal steroid biosynthesis. The enzymes responsible for each biosynthetic step are above or adjacent to arrows. Each box represents a respective zone of the adrenal cortex….
