Mechanisms of Genomic Instability
FIGURE 2.1 G1 pathways that can trigger cell cycle arrest, senescence, or apoptosis. A variety of threats to genomic integrity lead to activation of pathways that result in cell cycle…
Liver Cancer
FREQUENCIES IN CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION IN HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAa Bioinformatic analysis of CGH data was recently used to develop a progression model for human HCC.11 Based on an evolutionary tree constructed…
Head and Neck Cancers
COMMON GENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA P16/p53/Cyclin D Loss of 9p21, resulting in inactivation of the p16 gene, is the most common genetic alteration in the…
Angiogenesis
FIGURE 9.1 Circulating bone marrow–derived cell populations that stimulate or amplify tumor angiogenesis. The various hematopoietic (CD45-positive) cell types appear to have a perivascular location with respect to the tumor…
Gynecologic Cancers
FIGURE 23.1 Tissue-restricted genetic instability in ovarian epithelial cells from women at risk for ovarian cancer with no BRCA mutations. Mitomycin C–induced chromosomal breakage is high and FANCD2 levels are…
Chronic Leukemias
FIGURE 32.1 Schematic representation of the t(9;22)(q34;q11) translocation that creates the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome. The ABL and BCR genes reside on the long arms of chromosome 9 and 22, respectively….
Invasion and Metastasis
STEREOTYPIC PATTERNS OF METASTASIS TO DISTANT ORGANS BY CANCER TYPE Heterogeneity in Cancer Metastasis and Rarity of Metastatic Cells Because numerous sequential steps are needed for metastasis, multiple genetic changes…
Esophagus and Stomach Cancers
FIGURE 16.1 Progression of stages in esophageal squamous cell cancer and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cyclin D1 and p16INK4a The mammalian cell cycle is regulated exquisitely by cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK), and…
Lung Cancer
MOST FREQUENTLY ACQUIRED MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES IN LUNG CANCER FIGURE 15.1 Significantly mutated pathways in lung adenocarcinomas. Genetic alterations in lung adenocarcinoma frequently occur in genes of the mitogen-activated protein kinase…
Epigenetics of Cancer
SOME EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND THEIR ROLES IN GENE ACTIVITIES Figure 3.1 depicts the positions of a small subset of the possible modifications on the histone H3 protein in the context…
