Summary of key facts • The human microbiota is composed of bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeast, protozoa, and archaea. Because of its commensal relationship with the host, it is identified as…

Summary of key facts • Cancer vaccines represent a promising strategy to activate immunity in cold tumors. • The complexity and heterogeneity of human tumors remains a challenge to developing…

Summary of key facts • The concept of tumor immunosurveillance can be traced back to the early 1900s in association with observations that a potentially overwhelming frequency of carcinomas must…

Summary of key facts • The natural history of a human malignancy and its relationship to the host immune system has been described as comprising the “three Es”: elimination, equilibrium,…

Summary of key facts • Receptors of adaptive immune cells and the ensuing signaling networks are exquisitely specific and sensitive to new or altered antigens and thus poised to respond…

Summary of key facts • Professor Paul Ehrlich is credited with introducing the concept of cancers as non-self and proposing the concept of tumor immune surveillance in 1909. • Evidence…

Summary of key facts • The innate immune system is the host’s first line of immune defense against challenges of the environment. • The innate immune system response is a…

Summary of key facts • The complement system is a key component of the innate immune system, responsible for facilitating immune defense mechanisms, regulating inflammation, and maintaining tissue homeostasis. •…

Summary of key facts • Immunoglobulins (Igs) are the soluble mediators of antigen recognition. An Ig that is capable of specifically binding an antigen is termed an antibody . •…

Summary of key facts • The lymphatic system is a complex, blind-ended vascular tree distinct and separate from the blood circulatory system. • Lymphatics facilitate tissue fluid homeostasis, nutrient uptake,…