C-Cell Biology and Oncogenic Transformation
Fig. 1 RET receptor activation. Shown is a schematic figure outlining the basic structural organization of the transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase RET and the pathway to its activation. One of the…
ONCOLOGY
of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Treatment of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Fig. 1 Role of ATF4 in regulation of apoptosis. Activation of RET by ligand activation or mutation results in its translocation to the nucleus, where it reduces transcription and promotes ubiquitination…
in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2
Fig. 1 Histology of pheochromocytoma. a Pheochromocytoma demonstrates a typical nested architecture (H&E, original magnification 100×). b At high power, the pheochromocytoma cells demonstrate a granular amphophilic cytoplasm and moderate nuclear…
Treatment of Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Period Milestone Mid-nineteenth century Case reports on medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) as a rare tumor entity among young adults within the spectrum of thyroid cancers (Gurlt 1861; Billroth 1869; Wölfer…
and Clinical Presentation of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Variety of MTC Incidence Age at clinical diagnosis Associated endocrinopathies Sporadic MTC 75 5th decade None Hereditary MTC 25 – MEN2A –23 3rd decade Pheochromocytoma Parathyroid adenoma Cutaneous lichen amyloidosis…
Follow-up in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Kouvaraki MA, Shapiro SE, Fornage BD, Edeiken-Monro BS, Sherman SI, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R et al (2003) Role of preoperative ultrasonography in the surgical management of patients with thyroid cancer. Surgery 134(6):946–954…
Hyperparathyroidism in MEN2 Syndromes
ret codon A/A change in MEN2 syndromes ATA risk level Primary hyperparathyroidism C609F/R/G/S/Y B C611R/G/F/S/W/Y B C618R/G/F/S/Y B C620R/G/F/S/W/Y B C630R/F/S/Y B Rare D631Y B Rare 633/9 base pair duplication…
as Biomarker for the Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Fig. 1 Organization of the calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide gene and its peptide hormone products. CTN calcitonin, CGRP calcitonin gene-related peptide, KC katacalcin, SP signal peptide, K lysine, R arginine, G glycine,…
Medullary Thyroid Cancer Genotype–Phenotype Correlation
MTC risk group Exon Codon Recommended age for genetic testing Highest risk 16 918 As soon as possible (first year of life) High-risk 11 634 3 years 15 883 3…
The Spleen and Sickle Cell Anemia
(1) Department of Surgery, Dar A lAlafia Medical Company, Qatif, Saudi Arabia 5.1 Introduction The word spleen comes from the Greek σπλήν (splḗn) and is the idiomatic equivalent of…
