Sleep disorders and osteoporosis
60.1 Introduction Sleep is critical for life. Sleep and its relationship with our internal circadian system is increasingly recognized as an important factor in optimal human health—the 2017 Nobel prize…
ENDOCRINOLOGY
Human immunodeficiency virus and osteoporosis
49.1 Aging and human immunodeficiency virus With the availability of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the mid-1990s, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transformed from a fatal disease into a manageable chronic…
Thyroid hormone, thyroid medication, and the skeleton
46.1 Introduction Thyroid hormone is essential for systemic regulation of metabolism, growth, and development, and homeostatic control of thyroid status is indispensable for the maintenance of health and fitness. Bone…
Estrogen deficiency and the pathogenesis of osteoporosis
32.1 Introduction The skeleton is a highly unusual organ because of the large number of hormones required to regulate its growth, maturation, and maintenance. Among the most important are the…
Osteoporosis in organ transplant patients
52.1 The bone remodeling system As transplantation osteoporosis results from alterations in the bone remodeling system, a review of normal bone remodeling is helpful to understanding the pathogenesis of this…
Osteoporosis in neurological disorders: Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and multiple sclerosis
41.1 Introduction As a comorbidity of neurological disease, osteoporosis (OP) is often underdiagnosed, undertreated, or totally ignored in the face of more compelling circumstances that require immediate and continuous attention….
Diabetes, diabetic medications, and risk of fracture
50.1 Introduction Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high levels of blood glucose; the main forms are type 1 diabetes (T1D), caused by a lack of insulin production due to an…
Bone, muscle, and sarcopenia
35.1 Skeletal muscle anatomy and physiology: an overview Chapters providing details about bone biology can be found in Section 35.3 . Here we will briefly review skeletal muscle anatomy and…
Osteoporosis associated with gastrointestinal disorders: celiac and inflammatory bowel diseases
43.1 Celiac disease 43.1.1 Introduction Celiac disease is a chronic enteropathy in genetically predisposed individuals in response to gluten intake . Rather than being a rare and incurable disease, as…
Osteoporosis in childhood and adolescence
37.1 Introduction Childhood and adolescence are critical periods for bone mass acquisition. Through skeletal growth, the peak of bone mineral accrual occurs approximately 6 months following the pubertal growth spurt,…
