62.1 Introduction Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture…
61.1 Introduction Osteoporosis can be diagnosed by T-score, history of adulthood hip fracture, or vertebral or other fractures in the setting of a low bone mineral density (BMD) . Osteoporosis…
60.1 Introduction Sleep is critical for life. Sleep and its relationship with our internal circadian system is increasingly recognized as an important factor in optimal human health—the 2017 Nobel prize…
49.1 Aging and human immunodeficiency virus With the availability of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the mid-1990s, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transformed from a fatal disease into a manageable chronic…
46.1 Introduction Thyroid hormone is essential for systemic regulation of metabolism, growth, and development, and homeostatic control of thyroid status is indispensable for the maintenance of health and fitness. Bone…
32.1 Introduction The skeleton is a highly unusual organ because of the large number of hormones required to regulate its growth, maturation, and maintenance. Among the most important are the…
52.1 The bone remodeling system As transplantation osteoporosis results from alterations in the bone remodeling system, a review of normal bone remodeling is helpful to understanding the pathogenesis of this…
41.1 Introduction As a comorbidity of neurological disease, osteoporosis (OP) is often underdiagnosed, undertreated, or totally ignored in the face of more compelling circumstances that require immediate and continuous attention….
50.1 Introduction Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high levels of blood glucose; the main forms are type 1 diabetes (T1D), caused by a lack of insulin production due to an…
35.1 Skeletal muscle anatomy and physiology: an overview Chapters providing details about bone biology can be found in Section 35.3 . Here we will briefly review skeletal muscle anatomy and…
