Nocardiaand actinomyces
Nocardia Epidemiology and risk factors Nocardia species are a heterogeneous group of ubiquitous aerobic, gram-positive filamentous organisms that reside in soil and decaying organic matter and are associated with an…
Toxoplasma gondii
Epidemiology and risk factors Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa. It infects humans and almost all warm-blooded animals, including mammals and birds. Transmission of T. gondii…
Histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and coccidioidomycosis
Histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and coccidioidomycosis are the most common endemic mycoses in North America. Their geographic distribution encompasses close to two-thirds of the United States and parts of Canada, Mexico, Central…
Cryptococcosis and other rare invasive yeasts infections
The vast majority of invasive yeast infections in organ transplant recipients and patients with malignancy are caused by Candida species. However, a variety of other yeasts are important opportunistic pathogens…
Candidiasis
The Candida genus represents a group of more than 200 species present in both human flora and the environment. Of these, approximately 20 have been implicated in human disease. Typically,…
Mucormycosis, fusariosis, scedosporiasis, and other invasive mold diseases
Although invasive aspergillosis is the most common invasive mold disease (IMD), mucormycosis and other non- Aspergillus opportunistic mold infections are increasingly associated with significant morbidity and mortality among highly immunocompromised…
Aspergillosis
Aspergillus is a ubiquitous organism with an ecological niche in the soil. Most disease is primarily caused by A. fumigatus , A. flavus , A. niger , A. terreus ,…
BK and other polyomavirus associated diseases in children
Polyomavirus (PyV) infections were first described in mice in 1952 as a cause of tumors in newborn animals. Since then, PyVs have been found in virtually all vertebrates, including primates,…
Adenoviruses
Adenoviruses In the past few decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the epidemiology of adenovirus infections and developing preventative and therapeutic strategies. However, adenovirus infections remain a clinical…
Respiratory viruses
Epidemiology and risk factors The seasonality of respiratory virus infections among immunocompromised children is similar to that in the community ( Fig. 21.1 ). Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) typically circulates…
