CENTRAL EFFECTORS IN THE CONTROL OF APPETITE AND ENERGY HOMEOSTASIS Part of “CHAPTER 125 – APPETITE“ The hypothalamus contains many hormones and neuropeptides that are targets for peripheral signals. Some…
LONG-TERM REGULATION OF APPETITE AND ENERGY HOMEOSTASIS Part of “CHAPTER 125 – APPETITE“ Long-term regulation of appetite serves to compensate for temporary inadequacies in food intake and to control energy…
SHORT-TERM REGULATION OF APPETITE Part of “CHAPTER 125 – APPETITE“ The mechanisms involved in the regulation of appetite during a meal (short-term regulation) differ from those acting over a longer…
AFFERENT MECHANISMS IN THE CONTROL OF APPETITE Part of “CHAPTER 125 – APPETITE“ Different hypotheses have been advanced about the mechanisms involved and the signals that are sensed by the…
HYPOTHALAMIC CENTERS Part of “CHAPTER 125 – APPETITE“ In the early 1940s, it was demonstrated that bilateral lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) of animals caused hyperphagia and obesity (see…
ENTERAL AND PARENTERAL NUTRITION Part of “CHAPTER 124 – PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT“ The use of enteral feeding (through a nasogastric, gastrostomy, or jejunostomy tube) and parenteral feeding (through a…
APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT TO SPECIFIC DISORDERS Part of “CHAPTER 124 – PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT“ Many endocrinologic and metabolic disorders alter nutritional needs. In disorders such…
DIETARY FIBER Part of “CHAPTER 124 – PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT“ TYPES OF FIBER Dietary fiber is comprised of polysaccharides and lignins of plant origin that are not digested by…
DIETARY PROTEIN AND NITROGEN BALANCE Part of “CHAPTER 124 – PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT“ Protein is required in the diet to provide nitrogen for the synthesis of nonessential amino acids…
