Keypoints Microvascular complications are caused by prolonged exposure to hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia damages cell types that cannot downregulate glucose uptake, causing intracellular hyperglycemia. Intracellular hyperglycemia damages tissues by five major mechanisms:…
Keypoints Diabetes affects 10–25% of elderly people (>65 years) worldwide, with particularly high rates in populations such as Pima Indians, Mexican-Americans and South Asians. Glucose tolerance worsens with age, the…
Keypoints Insulin replacement therapy is considered the only effective and feasible treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) as only insulin is capable of reversing the metabolic disturbances and restoring…
Keypoints Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a heterogeneous disorder caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors which adversely affect β-cell function and tissue insulin sensitivity. About 10%…
Keypoints Insulin is a potent anabolic hormone essential for life. Insulin has a circulating concentration of 15–20 mU/L in the fasting state, and 60–80 mU/L post-prandially. Early insulins were extracted…
Keypoints The interactions between diabetes and psychiatric disorders are complex: physical illness raises the risk of psychiatric disorder, but mental illness and its treatment also impact on the risks and…
Keypoints Diabetes is associated with an increased overall risk of infections. The presence of diabetes also modifies the course of many infections and increases morbidity and mortality. Multiple disturbances in…
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Keypoints Regulation of fuel homeostasis in mammals is dependent on numerous small endocrine organs known as islets of Langerhans, which are located in the pancreas. Islets contain β-cells which are…
Keypoints Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a multifactorial heterogeneous disease with a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors influencing intermediate traits such as β-cell mass and development, insulin secretion…
