Genetic Basis of Gonadal and Genital Development
FIGURE 118-1. A, Embryology of the gonads. 1-2, Primordial germ cells are located in the wall of the yolk sac in early embryogenesis. 3, At about the fifth to sixth…
Clinical Management of Male Infertility
FIGURE 141-1. Clinical examination of the scrotum. Orchiometry The volume of the testis is determined by comparison with an orchiometer (normal: 15 to 35 mL).59 In the absence of varicoceles, the…
Graves’ Ophthalmopathy
FIGURE 81-1. Onset of eye symptoms and diagnosis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy relative to the time of diagnosis of hyperthyroidism (0 on the horizontal axis). A, The number of patients who…
The Mechanisms of Insulin Action
FIGURE 34-1. Insulin and insulin receptor structure. A, Insulin structure showing the position of critical amino acids that compose the two binding surfaces (S1ins and S2ins) that interact with the…
Insulin Secretion
FIGURE 33-1. A human islet of Langerhans stained by immunofluoresence for insulin (green) and glucagon (blue). FIGURE 33-2. A, Paul Langerhans (shown here in a rare family photograph) died young…
Precocious Puberty
FIGURE 121-1. Typical appearance of premature thelarche in a -year-old girl. Pathophysiology The precise cause of premature thelarche remains unknown, although several theories about its pathogenesis have been proposed. These…
Acromegaly
FIGURE 14-1. Synthesis and secretion of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary gland. (Modified from Melmed S: Acromegaly. New Engl J Med, 355:2558–2573, 2006.) EXCESS GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION Tumors may…
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle, Mechanisms of Ovulation, Premenstrual Syndromes
FIGURE 128-1. Diagram of plasma concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone [LH], follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]; top) and ovarian steroids (estradiol [E2], progesterone [P], and inhibins A and B; bottom) during…
Hyperandrogenism, Hirsutism, and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
FIGURE 132-1. Outline of the organization of the major steroid biosynthetic pathways in the adrenal cortex. The area within the dotted square contains the core steroidogenic pathways, of which the…
Bone Development and Remodeling
FIGURE 59-1. Stepwise schematic diagram of long bone development through endochondral ossification. Around embryonic day (E) 12 in mice, mesenchymal progenitor cells condense and differentiate into chondrocytes to form the…
