Fig. 2.1 Embryologic origin of the parathyroid glands, thyroid, and thymus (Source: Ferrari CC et al. Surgical strategy for primary hyperparathyreoidism with thyroid hemiagenesis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2014;399:1077–1081. Springer) The…
Drug Form Calcium content High cost Aluminum hydroxide liquid, capsule, tablet No No (not recommended) Calcium acetate capsule, tablet Yes No Calcium carbonate liquid, capsule, tablet, gum Yes No Magnesium…
Some diseases, such as myeloma with hypergammaglobulinemia or hyper-albuminemia due to severe dehydration, can cause an elevation in the serum total calcium level without any rise in serum ionized calcium…
Cardiovascular Congestive heart failure Prolonged QT interval at ECG Cardiomyopathy Neuromuscular inability Chvostek’s and Trusseau’s sign Paresthesia Muscle cramps and paresthesia Laryngeal and bronchial spasms Tetany Seizures Tremor Neurological signs…
Fig. 11.1 Algorithm for surgical treatment in patients with/without contraindication to imaging studies other than ultrasound (see text). BNE, bilateral neck exploration; CT, computed tomography; ioPTH, intraoperative parathyroid hormone; MIBI,…
Fig. 10.1 a A case of intrathyroidal parathyroid adenoma (hematoxilin and eosin, original magnification 40×). b Negative for thyroglobulin (immunoperoxidase, original magnification 40×). c Positive for chromogranin A and GATA-3…
If a reliable measurement of ionized serum calcium (iCa) is available, this measurement may be useful especially in selected patients (with hyper- or hypoalbuminemia, thrombocytosis, Waldenström macroglobulinemia and myeloma); moreover,…
© Springer-Verlag Italia 2016Guido Gasparri, Nicola Palestini and Michele Camandona (eds.)Primary, Secondary and Tertiary HyperparathyroidismUpdates in Surgery10.1007/978-88-470-5758-6_8 8. Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism Michele Camandona1 (1) Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy Michele Camandona…
© Springer-Verlag Italia 2016Guido Gasparri, Nicola Palestini and Michele Camandona (eds.)Primary, Secondary and Tertiary HyperparathyroidismUpdates in Surgery10.1007/978-88-470-5758-6_3 3. Parathyroid Hormone Secretion and Action Giancarlo Isaia1 , Lorenzo Marchese, Margherita Marchetti, Patrizia D’Amelio and Giorgia Fornelli (1) Department of Medical Sciences, University of…
A Strongly recommend B Recommend C No recommendation D Recommend against I Insufficient evidence Disease Primary hyperparathyroidism • Secondary hyperparathyroidism • Reoperative hyperparathyroidism • MEN1 • Parathyroid carcinoma •…
