Pain Motor regression Weakness Gait abnormality/deterioration Torticollis Progressive kyphoscoliosis Hydrocephalus Sphincter disturbance Reflex changes Sensory impairment 10.2.3.1 Diagnostic Imaging MRI is the diagnostic tool of choice for all spinal tumors…
Fig. 4.1 Myxopapillary ependymoma, WHO grade I, demonstrates centrally placed hyalinized blood vessels, surrounded by mucinous microcystic degeneration and collars of small epithelioid ependymal cells (courtesy of Dr. A. Perry)…
Fig. 1.1 Histopathological features of pilocytic astrocytoma. (a) Field of tumor cells demonstrating increased cellularity, mild nuclear atypia, and lack of mitoses. (b) Tumor edge with gliotic border (left of…
Fig. 7.1 Rathke’s pouch projects from the roof of the stomodeum and grows toward the infundibulum during the fourth week of gestation. During the sixth week of gestation, the connection…
Fig. 9.1 A large choroid plexus papilloma. (a) A sagittal precontrast T1-weighted MRI demonstrates a large lobulated mass within the lateral ventricle with associated enlargement of the ventricle. (b, c)…
Benign germ cell tumors Malignant germ cell tumors Immature teratomaa Germinoma Mature teratoma Embryonal carcinoma Endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor) Choriocarcinoma Mixed germ cell tumor Teratoma with malignant transformation…
Fig. 8.1 Ganglioglioma. (a) T1-weighted axial MRI with gadolinium of a ganglioglioma in the left temporal lobe. Nodular enhancement is seen. (b) Hematoxylin and eosin staining reveals large, dysplastic neurons…
Study Number of patients, age at transplant Pre-transplant status Conditioning Posttransplant therapies Outcome Kalifa et al. (1992) 6, age 8 months to 16 years All patients had residual disease Busulfan,…
Occurrence in pediatric HGG (%) Occurrence in pediatric AA (%) Occurrence in pediatric GBM (%) Occurrence in adult HGG (%) Reference Akt overexpression 79 (42/53) Pollack et al. (2010)…
