Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ The larynx is composed primarily of the upper thyroid cartilage and the lower ringlike cricoid cartilage. ▴ The thyroid cartilage is shield-shaped with a left…
♦ Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP), or focused parathyroidectomy, was developed to facilitate surgical management of single-gland parathyroid disease with a smaller incision and less tissue dissection than the traditional four-gland…
Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ Thyroid reoperations are among the most technically demanding and morbid procedures in endocrine surgery. The additive effect of postoperative adhesions, the altered relationship between the…
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic is in its third decade, and the number of people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) in the United States is approaching 1…
Prostate Cancer Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed noncutaneous malignancy in men in the United States. In 2007, over 218,000 cases will be diagnosed and over 27,000 men will…
Ovarian Carcinoma Though not the most common gynecologic malignancy, epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal, affecting approximately 26,000 women per year and causing at least 15,000 deaths in the…
Breast cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality across the world. In the United States, each year about 180,000 new cases are diagnosed with more than 40,000 deaths…
Cancer affects all body systems, potentially leading to metabolic derangements, structural changes, and infection. Most individuals diagnosed with cancer will experience a complication at some time during their illness (…
Cancer chemotherapy is a major component of cancer therapy, along with surgery and irradiation. Classical cancer chemotherapy agents differ from most drugs in that they are intentionally cytotoxic to human…
Endocrine neoplasms are unique among neoplasias of other body systems in that the majority of them have a very benign appearance under the microscope. Additionally, many of these lesions are…
