Current Treatment Recommendations
(1) Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA 6.1 Introduction The use of the intraocular pharmaceutical agents that were discussed in Chapters 4 and 5 has transformed the treatment of diabetic…
Corticosteroids: Targeting Multiple Cytokines and Chemokines
(1) Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA 5.1 Introduction Drugs that inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are effective for center-involving diabetic macular edema (DME) since most eyes respond well…
Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy: Overview of a Worldwide Epidemic
(1) Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA 1.1 Introduction By 2013, the world’s population reached 7.2 billion with 138.8 million annual births and 54.9 million annual deaths [145]. The global…
Safety Considerations of Pharmacotherapy
(1) Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA 9.1 Introduction Current pharmacologic treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is based on the intraocular administration of several medications. Injections into the vitreous have…
Investigational Medications
(1) Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA Pharmacologic treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR) began with the use of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and has evolved rapidly over the past 16 years….
Socioeconomic Cost of Diabetic Retinopathy and Therapy
(1) Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA 10.1 Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly impacts quality of life [8, 16, 48] with affected patients unable to manage their diabetes as well…
Definition of Outcomes After Bariatric Surgery
3. Percentage of total weight loss (%TWL): 4. Percentage of excess BMI loss (%EBMIL): and/or 5. Percent excess weight loss (%EWL): 5.2.2 Percentile Charts Van de…
Other Micronutrient Deficiencies in Bariatric Surgery
Thiamine Males Females RDA* (India) [16] 1.2–1.7 mg/day 1.0–1.4 mg/day RDA*(US) [17] 1.2 mg/day 1.1 mg/day RNI**(UK) [18] 1.3 mg/day 1.1 mg/day NRV***(Australia/New Zealand) [19] 1.2 mg/day 1.1 mg/day RDA*…
Calcium and Vitamin D Deficiencies in Bariatric Surgery
Nutrients Country Males Females Calcium (mg/day) RDA* (India) (39) RDA* (US) (40) RNI** (UK) (41) NRV*** (Australia/New Zealand) (42) 600 1000 700 1000 600 1000 700 1000 Vitamin D (mcg/day)…
Anemia and Related Deficiencies in Bariatric Surgery
Nutrients Country Males Females Iron (mg/day) RDA* (India) (53) RDA* (US) (54) RNI** (UK) (55) NRV*** (Australia/New Zealand) (56) 17 8 8.7 8 21 18 14.8 18 Folate (mcg/day) RDA*…
