Acromegaly
FIGURE 14-1. Synthesis and secretion of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary gland. (Modified from Melmed S: Acromegaly. New Engl J Med, 355:2558–2573, 2006.) EXCESS GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION Tumors may…
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle, Mechanisms of Ovulation, Premenstrual Syndromes
FIGURE 128-1. Diagram of plasma concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone [LH], follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]; top) and ovarian steroids (estradiol [E2], progesterone [P], and inhibins A and B; bottom) during…
Hyperandrogenism, Hirsutism, and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
FIGURE 132-1. Outline of the organization of the major steroid biosynthetic pathways in the adrenal cortex. The area within the dotted square contains the core steroidogenic pathways, of which the…
Bone Development and Remodeling
FIGURE 59-1. Stepwise schematic diagram of long bone development through endochondral ossification. Around embryonic day (E) 12 in mice, mesenchymal progenitor cells condense and differentiate into chondrocytes to form the…
Thyroid Function Testing
THYROIDAL RADIOIODIDE UPTAKE The iodide radioisotope usually is given orally in a capsule or in liquid form, and the quantity that is accumulated by the thyroid gland at various intervals…
Thyroid Regulatory Factors
The thyroid gland is also influenced by various other nonspecific hormones.16 Hydrocortisone exerts a differentiating action in vitro.17 Estrogens affect the thyroid by unknown mechanisms, directly or indirectly, as exemplified…
Delayed Puberty
Kallmann Syndrome The prototype of GnRH deficiency exists in the form of Kallmann syndrome, which refers to the association between hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia, first described in 1944.49 Sporadic cases…
Graves’ Disease
FIGURE 80-1. Portrait of Dr. Robert J. Graves. (From Taylor S: Robert Graves. The Golden Years of Irish Medicine. New York: Royal Society of Medicine Services, 1989.) Epidemiology Graves’ disease…
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Natural History
FIGURE 41-1. Summary of the metabolic abnormalities in type 2 diabetes mellitus that contribute to hyperglycemia. Increased hepatic glucose production, impaired insulin secretion, and insulin resistance caused by receptor and…
Diabetic Eye Disease
FIGURE 52-1. Hypothesized pathogenetic mechanisms for the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. EGR, Electroretinogram; OP, oscillatory potential. Natural History of Diabetic Retinopathy NONPROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY The earliest diabetes-induced changes…
