Prostate Cancer
FIGURE 22.1 Genomic aberrations in prostate cancer. Regions of amplification (red) or deletion (blue) with false discovery rate (FDR) 10% or less are plotted, with chromosomes indicated at the center…
Childhood Cancers
HEREDITARY SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDHOOD CANCER PREDISPOSITION Whereas acquired alterations of dominant oncogenes most commonly occur in somatic cells, mutant tumor suppressor genes may be found either in germ cells…
Breast Cancer
FIGURE 24.1 Genetic susceptibility to breast cancer. Familial breast cancer comprises approximately 20% to 30% of all breast cancers. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two major high-penetrance genes associated with hereditary…
Cutaneous Melanoma
FIGURE 27.1 Validated genes mutated or deregulated in melanoma progression. Progression of normal melanocytes to metastatic melanoma is diagrammed with associated genetic events as a linear process, although in a…
Targeted Therapy with Small Molecule Kinase Inhibitors
APPROVED KINASE INHIBITORS After CML, the next example to illustrate this principle was gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), which is associated with mutations in the KIT tyrosine kinase receptor or, more…
Cell Cycle
FIGURE 6.1 Windows of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) function in the cell cycle. D-type cyclins (cyclins D1, D2, and D3) activate CDK4 and CDK6 for functions extending from middle G1 to…
Cancer Stem Cells
FIGURE 11.1 Models of tumor heterogeneity. Tumors are composed of phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous cells. There are two theories as to how this heterogeneity arises. According to the stochastic model,…
Mechanisms of Genomic Instability
FIGURE 2.1 G1 pathways that can trigger cell cycle arrest, senescence, or apoptosis. A variety of threats to genomic integrity lead to activation of pathways that result in cell cycle…
Liver Cancer
FREQUENCIES IN CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION IN HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAa Bioinformatic analysis of CGH data was recently used to develop a progression model for human HCC.11 Based on an evolutionary tree constructed…
Head and Neck Cancers
COMMON GENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA P16/p53/Cyclin D Loss of 9p21, resulting in inactivation of the p16 gene, is the most common genetic alteration in the…
