REGULATION OF THYROID HORMONE ECONOMY Part of “CHAPTER 30 – THYROID PHYSIOLOGY: SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE, IODINE METABOLISM, BINDING AND TRANSPORT“ Thyroid hormone regulation is directed through the neuroen-docrine–hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid–peripheral tissue axis…
PERIPHERAL METABOLISM OF THYROID HORMONES Part of “CHAPTER 30 – THYROID PHYSIOLOGY: SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE, IODINE METABOLISM, BINDING AND TRANSPORT“ T4 is metabolized by the sequential removal of iodine atoms….
THYROID HORMONE CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT Part of “CHAPTER 30 – THYROID PHYSIOLOGY: SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE, IODINE METABOLISM, BINDING AND TRANSPORT“ Approximately 120 nmol of T4, 47 nmol of T3, and…
THYROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS Part of “CHAPTER 30 – THYROID PHYSIOLOGY: SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE, IODINE METABOLISM, BINDING AND TRANSPORT“ The major synthetic steps regulated by TSH are transport of iodide, organification,…
IODINE METABOLISM Part of “CHAPTER 30 – THYROID PHYSIOLOGY: SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE, IODINE METABOLISM, BINDING AND TRANSPORT“ Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. With four iodines per…
THYROID PHYSIOLOGY: SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE, IODINE METABOLISM, BINDING AND TRANSPORT H. Lester Reed The thyroid hormones, L-3,5,3′,5′-tetraiodothyronine (L-thyroxine [T4]) and, to a much less extent, L-3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (L-triiodothyronine [T3]) are synthesized…
FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION Part of “CHAPTER 29 – MORPHOLOGY OF THE THYROID GLAND“ Fine-needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid has proven to be a safe and effective screening and diagnostic method…
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE THYROID Part of “CHAPTER 29 – MORPHOLOGY OF THE THYROID GLAND“ Immunoperoxidase techniques have improved our understanding of the substances, especially hormones, that are contained in normal…
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF THE THYROID Part of “CHAPTER 29 – MORPHOLOGY OF THE THYROID GLAND“ Ultrastructural studies of normal thyroid disclose that the follicular cells are arranged in a single…
GROSS ANATOMY OF THE THYROID Part of “CHAPTER 29 – MORPHOLOGY OF THE THYROID GLAND“ The normal adult thyroid gland consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. Thyroid tissue…
