EFFECTS OF HORMONES ON BONE CELLS
EFFECTS OF HORMONES ON BONE CELLS Part of “CHAPTER 50 – PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE“ Despite many studies of the direct effects of hormones on bone, the complex regulation of bone…
CELL BIOLOGY OF BONE
CELL BIOLOGY OF BONE Part of “CHAPTER 50 – PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE“ The lineages of bone-forming cells (osteoblasts) and bone-resorbing cells (osteoclasts) probably become separate early in development. Their function…
BONE CHEMISTRY AND MINERALIZATION
BONE CHEMISTRY AND MINERALIZATION Part of “CHAPTER 50 – PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE“ Bone mineral consists largely of hydroxyapatite [Ca10 (PO4) 6 (OH)2] together with transition forms and other minerals absorbed…
NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SKELETON
NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SKELETON Part of “CHAPTER 50 – PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE“ In humans, the skeleton continues to grow until 25 to 35 years of age. Before puberty, the…
MODELING AND REMODELING
MODELING AND REMODELING Part of “CHAPTER 50 – PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE“ The term modeling refers to the process by which bone grows and alters its shape through resorption and formation…
EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF BONE
EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF BONE Part of “CHAPTER 50 – PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE“ The formation of the skeleton begins with condensation and differentiation of mesenchymal cells into cartilage. These provide…
PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE
PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE Lawrence G. Raisz Understanding of the physiology of skeletal tissue has advanced remarkably during the past few decades. Studies of the various cell types in bone and…
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS Part of “CHAPTER 49 – PHYSIOLOGY OF CALCIUM METABOLISM“ The clinical evaluation of normal and abnormal calcium homeostasis requires an accurate assessment of serum calcium…
HORMONAL CONTROL OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS
HORMONAL CONTROL OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS Part of “CHAPTER 49 – PHYSIOLOGY OF CALCIUM METABOLISM“ A complex homeostatic system has evolved that is designed to maintain near constancy of Ca2+o through…
ROLE OF CALCIUM
ROLE OF CALCIUM Part of “CHAPTER 49 – PHYSIOLOGY OF CALCIUM METABOLISM“ Calcium ions (Ca2+) play numerous critical roles in both intra-cellular and extracellular physiology (Table 49-1). Intracellular Ca2+ is…
