Established risk factors Risk factors that need further study Cigarette smoking Dietary factors: Fruit and vegetables Alcohol Obesity Reproductive factors and other hormones: Oral contraceptive pills Parity Hypertension Occupational exposures:…
Fig 4.1 Biomarker-relevant biologic pathways in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In VHL-/- tumor cells, the absence of pVHL results in the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF-α). HIF accumulation could…
© Springer International Publishing 2015Primo N. Lara and Eric Jonasch (eds.)Kidney Cancer10.1007/978-3-319-17903-2_5 5. Genetic Heterogeneity of Kidney Cancer David Sun1 , Eric Jonasch3 and Primo N. LaraJr.2 (1) Deapartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California Davis Comprehensive…
