Oral Therapies for Type 2 Diabetes
Drug Daily dose Reduction in HbA1c Side effects Contraindications Metformin (500, 850, 1,000 mg. Extended-release: 500/750 mg, 1,000 mg) Initial small dose and titrate. Max 2,550 mg/day 1–2 % Nausea,…
Endocrine Hypertension
Fig. 12.1 The main components of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RASS) and its physiological role in the regulatory control of blood pressure, inflammation and cardiovascular function. ACE angiotensin converting enzyme, NEP…
Osteoporosis in Men
Francisco Bandeira, Hossein Gharib, Airton Golbert, Luiz Griz and Manuel Faria (eds.)Endocrinology and Diabetes2014A Problem-Oriented Approach10.1007/978-1-4614-8684-8_25 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 25. Osteoporosis in Men Aline G. Costa1 , Natalie E. Cusano1 , Barbara C. Silva1 and John P. Bilezikian1 (1) Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Division…
Hyperprolactinemia
Fig. 6.1 Diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia algorithm Fig. 6.2 (a) Before treatment. Sellar T1-weighted MRI after gadolinium enhancement, coronal (left) and sagittal (right) depicted a sellar mass impinging optic chiasma. (b)…
Non-parathyroid Hypercalcemia
Bone resorption Calcium absorption Decrease in the excretion of calcium pHPTH Malignancy Thyrotoxicosis Immobilization Milk alkali syndrome Hypervitaminosis D Granulomatous disease Chronic kidney disease Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure Thiazide…
Hypocalcemia
Symptoms Circumoral and acral tingling paresthesias Increased neuromuscular irritability Tetany Muscle cramps and twitching Abdominal cramps Laryngospasm Bronchospasm Altered CNS function Seizures of all types Papilledema or pseudotumor cerebri Choreoathetoid…
Male Hypogonadism
Primary hypogonadism Congenital 1. Chromosomal disorders (a) Klinefelter syndrome and related syndromes (such as Male 46 XX) (b) Defects enzyme in the biosynthesis of testosterone (c) Myotonic dystrophy 2. Developmental…
Adrenal Failure
Causes of primary adrenal insufficiency • Acute or insidious presentation – Autoimmune adrenal insufficiency or Addison’s disease (70 % in developed countries) – Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome – Metastatic deposits from lung, breast, kidney, etc….
Hyperthyroidism and Thyrotoxicosis
Hyperthyroidism associated with elevated or normal thyroid radioactive iodine uptake Graves’ hyperthyroidisma Multinodular goiter or toxic adenoma TSH-producing pituitary adenomab Some cases of thyroid hormone resistance Hyperthyroidism associated with trophoblastic…
