Acromegaly
Fig. 7.1 Peptide structure of Somatostatin GH secretion is also regulated by ghrelin, a growth hormone secretagogue-receptor ligand [11] that is mainly synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the stomach,…
Bariatric Surgery in Treatment of the Obese Patient with Type 2 Diabetes
Fig. 42.1 Illustration of main types of bariatric surgery currently being performed. By permission of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. All rights reserved Roux-En-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is…
Dyslipidemia
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) < 200 Desirable 200-239 Boderline high ≥240 High HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) <40 Low >60 High LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) <100 Optimal 100–129 Near optimal 130–159 Boderline high 160–189…
Carbohydrate Counting
Weight (kg) Units of insulin:g of CHO 25 1:30 45–49 1:16 49.5–58 1:15 58.5–62.5 1:14 63–67 1:13 67.5–76 1:12 76.5–80.5 1:11 81–85 1:10 85.5–89.5 1:9 90–98.5 1:8 99–107.5 1:7 ≥108…
Diabetic Retinopathy
Fig. 38.1 Female, Asian, 68 years old, type 2 diabetes for at least 15 years, visual acuity: 20/400 OD and 20/200 OS. The dilated eye exam revealed clinically significant diabetic…
The Diabetic Neuropathies
Sensorimotor neuropathy Distal symmetric polyneuropathy Focal neuropathy Diabetic mononeuropathy (cranial, truncal, peripheral nerves) Mononeuropathy multiplex Diabetic amyotrophy Autonomic neuropathy Hypoglycemic unawareness Abnormal pupillary function Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy Vasomotor neuropathy Sudomotor…
Cushing’s Syndrome
Fig. 9.1 Diagnostic workup in Cushing’s syndrome. ACTH adrenocorticotropin, BIPSS bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling, CRH corticotropin releasing hormone, CD cushing’s disease, CT computed tomography, ECS ectopic Cushing’s syndrome, LDDST…
Thyroid Nodules and Cancer
Benign nodular goiter Thyroiditis Cysts Primary thyroid cancer Papillary carcinoma Follicular carcinoma Hurtle cell carcinoma C-cell derived carcinoma, Medullary carcinoma Anaplastic carcinoma Metastatic Cancer Lymphoma…
Therapy with Insulin
Dose (U/kg/day) Honey-moon period <0.5 At diagnosis or after Ketoacidosis 0.5–1.0 Prepubertal 0.7–1.0 Pubertal 1.0–2.0 Sick days 1.2–1.5 Basal insulin 40–60 % Usually, in the first 6 months of…
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Drug Rationale Study design Follow-up Main Results Side effects Metformin [25] Metformin plus placebo × metformin plus exenatide Cohort. N = 150 82 weeks Lower Hba1c and weight reduction with exenatide More nausea and…
