Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Adrenalectomy
Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ One of the most common criticisms of the laparoscopic retroperitoneal approach is a seeming lack of anatomic landmarks. This is in contrast to the anatomically…
Thyroidectomy for Large or Substernal Goiters
Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ The first documentation of the thyroid gland was by Galen in the second century. Then, in 1656, the anatomist Thomas Wharton coined the term thyroid,…
Surgical Anatomy, Intraoperative Neural Monitoring, and Operative Management of the RLN and SLN
Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ The larynx is composed primarily of the upper thyroid cartilage and the lower ringlike cricoid cartilage. ▴ The thyroid cartilage is shield-shaped with a left…
Minimally Invasive Parathyroidectomy
♦ Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP), or focused parathyroidectomy, was developed to facilitate surgical management of single-gland parathyroid disease with a smaller incision and less tissue dissection than the traditional four-gland…
Reoperative Thyroid Surgery
Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ Thyroid reoperations are among the most technically demanding and morbid procedures in endocrine surgery. The additive effect of postoperative adhesions, the altered relationship between the…
