First-line series Second-line series Unselected patients INTACT-1, INTACT-2 IDEAL 1 and 2 BR.21 Iressa Survival Evaluation in Lung Cancer V-15-32 INTEREST Selection by background IPASS  Selection by EGFR mutation…

Fig. 5.1 Nodal staging using EBUS-TBNA combined with EUS-(B)-FNA. A CP-EBUS was used for EBUS-TBNA, which evaluated station 4L. The same bronchoscope was then introduced into the esophagus, and station…

Fig. 4.1 Specimens used for the EGFR mutation test in Japan. The sample categories summarized from ~17,000 samples submitted to one of the laboratories in 2009 [38]. Tissue samples (i.e.,…

Fig. 19.1 EMT induction. (a) Several cytokines, ROS, and hypoxic environment induce EMT through transcriptional factors, slug, ZEB1, twist, and others. (b) Lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) is induced EMT…

Fig. 20.1 Harnessing dendritic cells and T cells in the tumor microenvironment: efficacy and limitations 20.3.4 Exogenous and Endogenous Dendritic Cell Engineering 1. Exogenous approaches: One approach to enhancing cytotoxic…

Fig. 17.1 QOL assessments. Patients responded three times: (1) before each treatment, (2) 1 week after the first dose of cisplatin, and (3) at the end of the second course….

Ref # Year published Subject Numbera Positive rate Detected Lung cancer Detection rate Ratio of Stage I [9] 1996 High risk 3457 17 % 15 0.43 % 93 % [10]…

Fig. 13.1 Mechanisms of acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI 13.2.1 The T790M Secondary Mutation Third-generation EGFR-TKIs such as osimertinib (AZD9291) and CO-1686 have shown promising activity in treatment-resistant EGFR mutation-positive NSCLCs…

Fig. 14.1 (a) Interaction of TCR and antigen only is insufficient to T-cell activation. Co-stimulator signal with CD80/86 and CD28 leads to adequate activation. (b) CTLA-4 has higher affinity than…

Gene Smoking status Histology Genetic alteration ROS1 Primarily never smokers AD ROS1 translocations RET Primarily never smokers AD RET translocations HER2 Primarily never smokers AD HER2 mutations HER2 amplification BRAF…