Vaginitis Emmanuel Okon James W. Myers The term “vaginitis” refers to inflammation of the vagina. Symptoms include itching, irritation, and abnormal vaginal discharge. The presence of abnormal discharge, vulvovaginal discomfort,…

HPV Infections James W. Myers Emmanuel Okon INTRODUCTION Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are icosahedral nonenveloped dsDNA viruses belonging to the family papillomaviruses. HPVs are the commonest cause of sexually transmitted infection…

Genital Herpes Simplex Lamis Ibrahim James W. Myers INTRODUCTION Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the most prevalent cause of genital ulcer disease among sexually active people. It is a chronic,…

Chlamydia Trachomatis James W. Myers Lamis Ibrahim INTRODUCTION Most frequently reported infectious disease. Causes multiple complications, especially in females. PID Ectopic pregnancy and infertility, and infant pneumonia. Facilitates HIV transmission….

Gonorrhea James W. Myers Lamis Ibrahim INTRODUCTION Gonorrhea (GC) is the second most commonly reported bacterial sexually transmitted disease (STD). In the United States, an estimated 700,000 new infections occur…

Syphilis Lamis Ibrahim James W. Myers INTRODUCTION Syphilis is a systemic disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. It has been known as the “Great Imitator.” EPIDEMIOLOGY Modes…

Prevention of Viral Hepatitis Zhi Q. Yao HEPATITIS A Since hepatitis A is transmitted primarily by the fecal-oral route, on contaminated hands, or in food and water sources, personal hygiene…

Treatment of Viral Hepatitis Zhi Q. Yao HEPATITIS A There is no specific therapy for HAV infection. Supportive therapy to maintain fluid and caloric intake is usually sufficient, and hospitalization…

Diagnosis of Viral Hepatitis Zhi Q. Yao Viral hepatitis refers to a group of viral infections that primarily cause liver inflammation. The most common types include hepatitis A, hepatitis B,…

HIV Infection and Pregnancy Oluwatosin Jaiyeoba Michael J. Kilby INTRODUCTION Significant advances have been made in the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (MTCT) to the extent that in countries with…