Fig. 10.1 A 3-month old with Beckwith–Wiedemann Syndrome who was born with hyperinsulinism and an omphalocele who later presented with a left adrenal mass. a Macroglossia and hirsutism (forehead). b Gynecomastia…

Fig. 27.1 Gross anatomic developmental embryology Fig. 27.2 Sites of accessory breast tissue along the embryonic milk line Two theories of embryogenesis have arisen based on the development of the breast. One…

Fig. 23.1 Development of the ovary. Copyright JE Dietrich and NA Sokkary The ligament that helps to guide each ovary into position is known as the gubernaculum, which in its primitive…

Congenital Genetic predisposition Prader–Willi syndrome Endocrine disorders Cushing’s disease/syndrome Hypothyroidism Environmental Hyperphagia Sedentary lifestyle Genetic Predisposition In some children, genetic factors in isolation may predispose to development of obesity; such…

Hormones Anti-androgens (Prostate Cancer) Gonadotrophin releasing hormone Oestrogenic Agonists (diethylstilbestrol) Anabolic steroids Anti-ulcer therapy Histamine 2 receptor blockers (cimetidine) Proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, esomeprazole) Cardiac agents Calcium channel blockers (verapamil,…

Fig. 24.1 Ultrasound of a one-month-old with antenatally diagnosed ovarian cyst, demonstrating layering of debris within a large thin walled cyst suggesting previous ovarian torsion. (Courtesy of Dr. Alistair Calder, Great…

Fig. 33.1 a and b Suprasellar craniopharyngioma (sagittal and axial projections) demonstrating the common appearance of this lesion with solid and cystic components. CT imaging (not shown here) commonly demonstrates peripheral…

Fig. 7.1 Adrenal embryology—origins of the cortex and medulla left half of a cross section of the embryo. Adrenal cortex originates as a mesothelial proliferation between the root of the dorsal…

Fig. 21.1 Intra-vaginal torsion Fig. 21.2 Extra-vaginal torsion The intra-vaginal pattern has been traditionally ascribed to a predisposing anatomical variant termed the “bellclapper” deformity, shown in Fig. 21.3a, b. However, whilst the concept…

Syndrome Gene (chromosome)a Clinical manifestations % with PHEO % PHEO bilateral References von Hippel Lindaub VHL (3p25-p26) PHEO, cerebellar hemangioblastoma, retinal angiomas, renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic cysts, pancreatic NETs in…