Acknowledgment In memory of Frank B. Diamond, Jr, MD. Disorders of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate metabolism and of bone formation, accrual, and maintenance during the first 2 decades of life…

Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a syndrome of disturbed energy metabolism involving carbohydrate, protein, and fat brought about by absolute or relative deficiency of insulin secretion, in the context of…

Introduction The autoimmune polyglandular syndromes (APS) are uncommon constellations of organ-specific autoimmune diseases characterized by the occurrence of more than one autoimmune disease in an affected individual ( Table 22.1…

Introduction Glucose is an obligate fuel for the brain under physiological conditions. The brain can neither synthesize glucose nor store more than approximately a 20-minute supply of glycogen; therefore brain…

Introduction The global prevalence of pediatric obesity has increased by a staggering eightfold over the past 4 decades with a current estimate of 124 million children, ages 5 to 19,…

Introduction Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among adults in industrialized countries. Dyslipidemia (specifically elevated low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol,…

Puberty is the stage of development during which secondary sexual characteristics appear and there is a transition from the sexually immature to the sexually mature stage. Adolescence is widely used…

Puberty is the process through which children attain adult secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive capability. In humans, two distinct processes of sexual maturation are recognized: gonadarche and adrenarche. Gonadarche is…

Historical background Turner syndrome (TS) is defined as a disorder caused by complete or partial absence of the second sex chromosome, with or without cell line mosaicism. This further needs…