Diabetes, diabetic medications, and risk of fracture
50.1 Introduction Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high levels of blood glucose; the main forms are type 1 diabetes (T1D), caused by a lack of insulin production due to an…
Bone, muscle, and sarcopenia
35.1 Skeletal muscle anatomy and physiology: an overview Chapters providing details about bone biology can be found in Section 35.3 . Here we will briefly review skeletal muscle anatomy and…
Osteoporosis associated with gastrointestinal disorders: celiac and inflammatory bowel diseases
43.1 Celiac disease 43.1.1 Introduction Celiac disease is a chronic enteropathy in genetically predisposed individuals in response to gluten intake . Rather than being a rare and incurable disease, as…
Osteoporosis in childhood and adolescence
37.1 Introduction Childhood and adolescence are critical periods for bone mass acquisition. Through skeletal growth, the peak of bone mineral accrual occurs approximately 6 months following the pubertal growth spurt,…
Effects on the skeleton from medications used to treat nonskeletal disorders
42.1 Introduction Iatrogenic bone loss and increased fracture risk caused by therapies for nonskeletal diseases is a growing and important cause of osteoporosis. The skeletal effects of glucocorticoids, progestins, excess…
Osteoporosis in men: what is similar and what is different?
25.1 Introduction Patients and many physicians still often misperceive osteoporosis as a typically female disorder. However, the male:female gender ratio for osteoporotic fractures is only about 1:1.6 , and for…
Osteoporosis in premenopausal women, pregnancy, and lactation
38.1 Introduction Osteoporosis occurs much less frequently in premenopausal women than in postmenopausal women. However, premenopausal osteoporosis can cause significant morbidity and premenopausal fractures are associated with increased risk of…
Bone and fat
34.1 Introduction For decades the skeleton was viewed as a relatively isolated organ with little connection to other tissues in the body or to metabolic homeostasis. Certainly its role as…
Genetics of osteoporosis
18.1 Introduction 18.1.1 Genetic diseases The concept of genetic risk for diseases has substantially evolved in the past decades from traits and diseases that run in families, to the current…
Skeletal heterogeneity and the purposes of bone remodeling: Implications for the understanding of osteoporosis
30.1 Introduction The cells of bone influence its structure by means of four processes: growth, repair, modeling, and remodeling, the last being the basis of bone tissue turnover in the…
