Preserving and Restoring Function after Local Treatment Andrea L. Cheville INTRODUCTION Primary breast cancer treatment is associated with long-term musculoskeletal problems in up to one third of patients. This is…
Axillary Dissection Hiram S. Cody III George Plitas INTRODUCTION For patients with operable breast cancer, axillary node status remains the single most important prognostic factor. The primary goal of axillary…
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Alice P. Chung Armando E. Giuliano INTRODUCTION Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) has been an integral component of the staging, prognosis, and treatment of invasive breast…
Breast Reconstruction Babak J. Mehrara Alice Y. Ho Breast reconstruction is an important component of breast cancer management and improves quality of life and psychosocial well-being (1). Improvements in techniques…
Breast-Conserving Therapy Jay R. Harris Monica Morrow Breast-conserving therapy (BCT), a combination of breastconserving surgery (BCS) followed by whole breast irradiation, is an established standard of care for local-regional treatment…
Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy Todd M. Tuttle INTRODUCTION Patients with unilateral breast cancer are at increased risk for developing cancer in the contralateral breast. As a result, some patients choose contralateral…
Mastectomy Monica Morrow Mehra Golshan HISTORY OF MASTECTOMY The origin of the word mastectomy is the Greek term mastos, meaning the breast. Over the past century, the procedure has evolved…
Bone Marrow Micrometastases and Circulating Tumor Cells Costanza Paoletti Jeffrey B. Smerage Daniel F. Hayes INTRODUCTION The development of distant metastases is the result of the spread of tumor cells…
Staging of Breast Cancer Jay R. Harris Staging refers to the grouping of patients according to the extent of their disease. Staging is useful in (a) estimating prognosis for an…
Evaluation of Patients for Metastasis Prior to Primary Therapy Polly Niravath C. Kent Osborne After the diagnosis of breast cancer is established, subsequent evaluation for metastatic disease prior to initiation…
