Fig. 34.1 Affected range of motion of right shoulder after full axillary clearance Factors associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications include: Age Obesity Smoking Excessive use of alcohol or…
Fig. 51.1 MRI multiple cerebral breast cancer metastases. T1 plus gadolinium contrast scan shows several variable sized lesions in the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and brain stem. The midbrain lesion (sagittal plane)…
Cancer Incidence (%) Post-mortem incidence of bone metastases in % [2] Multiple myeloma 100 100 Breast 47–85 73 Prostate 54–85 68 Thyroid 28–60 42 Bladder 42 Renal 33–40 35 Lung…
Fig. 1.1 The lactiferous ducts of a premenopausal breast lobe are filled with plastic. Blue colour indicates the ductal structure, while white colour indicates the TDLUs The nipple-areola complex (NAC) is…
Fig. 11.1 Radiographic microcalcifications from DCIS on mammography in a patient with a prior implant Fig. 11.2 Microcalcifications (irregular purple staining) in secretions (pink staining) in low grade DCIS 11.4.2 Ultrasound Some…
Fig. 29.1 Dual chamber expandable implant Fig. 29.2 Two textured surface implants, one with a round shape and the other an anatomic cohesive gel implant 29.3 Safety Issues and Complications 29.3.1 Safety:…
The extent and the location of the primary tumour The size of the breast The density of the breast parenchyma and the grade of ptosis of the breast The BMI…
IIB T3N0M0 A reasonable initial surgical approach is likely to achieve pathologically negative margins and provide long-term local control Primary operable IIIA T3N1M0 IIIA T0N2M0 T1N2M0 T2N2M0 An initial surgical…
Stage 0 Latent/subclinical stage Swelling not yet evident Impaired lymph transportsubtle changes in imaging Stage I Clearly visible swelling with soft pitting Swelling temporarily reduced by elevation/during night-time Stage II…
Fig. 23.1 Lymphoscintigraphy, frontal and lateral view. Injection site in the left breast and sentinel node in the left axilla clearly visible already after 5 min Fig. 23.2 Sentinel node stained with…
