Epidemiology of Childhood Brain Tumors
Histologic subtype Region and reference Years Incidence rate (95% CI) All brain tumors Europe (Peris-Bonet et al. 2006) 1988–1997 2.99 United States (Ostrom et al. 2013) 2006–2010 5.26 (5.19–5.33) Japan…
High-Grade Glioma
Fig. 12.1 (a) The target volume definition for glioblastomas according to the CCG-943 study and most commonly used in US centers. The red line depicts the extent of the primary…
Immune Monitoring of Blood and Tumor Microenvironment
Fig. 41.1 Schematic representation of analyses of patients’ blood and tissue specimens. Various methods are used to analyze blood, other body fluids, or solid specimens obtained by surgery or biopsy…
Immunogenic Stress and Death of Cancer Cells in Natural and Therapy-Induced Immunosurveillance
Fig. 12.1 Annexin A1-mediated homing of dendritic cells. Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is released from cancer cells in response to certain therapeutic approaches including the anthracycline- and oxaliplatin-based chemotherapeutic induction of…
Immune Therapies in Phase 1 Trials
Fig. 32.1 Dose-toxicity and dose-efficacy relationships with immune checkpoint blockers. Contrary to cytotoxic agents (left panel), immune checkpoint blockers (right panel) do not display any linear dose-toxicity or dose-efficacy relationship….
Challenges in Colorectal Cancer: From Vaccines to Macrophage Repolarization
Fig. 37.1 Overview 37.1 The Immune System in the Colon and in Colorectal Cancer The delicate balance between innate and adaptive immune system is of great importance in areas, where…
Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Lung Cancer
Fig. 20.1 The ligands for PD-1 are PD-L1 and PD-L2. PD-L1 and PD-L2 may also bind to B7.1 and RGMb 20.3 Initial Studies with Single Agent Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors In…
Strategies to Reduce Intratumoral Regulatory T Cells
Fig. 29.1 Treg depletion mediated by low-dose chemotherapy and IL-2-/IL-2R-targeting drugs. (a) Low-dose oral metronomic chemotherapeutic agents including cyclophosphamide (CTX), paclitaxel (PTX), and fludarabine (FDB) induce a profound and selective…
Tumor-Targeted Antibodies
Fig. 18.1 Molecular structure of antibodies. Antibodies of the IgA, IgD, IgE, and IgG have two antigen-binding sites. IgA antibodies can be dimeric and IgM are pentameric. Monomeric antibodies have…
Predictors of Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade
Fig. 31.1 Hallmarks of response to immune checkpoint blockade. Identification of predictors of response to immune checkpoint hinges on an understanding of the influence of numerous factors on cancer development…
