Thyroid and Parathyroid Tumors
Tumor type Prevalence (%) Papillary carcinoma BRAF 40–45 RET/PTC 10–20 RAS 10–20 TRK <5 Follicular carcinoma RAS 40–50 PAX8-PPARγ (PAX8-PPARG) 30–35 PIK3CA <10 PTEN <10 Poorly differentiated carcinoma RAS 20–40…
Pathologists’ Roles in Molecular Oncology Testing of Solid Tumors
Fig. 4.1 (40× and 200×) Specimens with predominantly tumor and minimal non tumor diluting cells. This is still not 100 % tumor as there are still non tumor nucleated cells…
Image-Guided Radiotherapy with Machine Learning
Fig. 9.1 Illustration of image-guided radiotherapy. Red contours indicate the prostates Many methods have been proposed to address this paramount yet compelling segmentation problem. For example, Freedman et al. [10]…
Machine Learning Methodology
(3.1) where UΣV T is the singular value decomposition of X. This is equivalent to transformation into a new coordinate system such that the greatest variance by any projection of…
Application of Machine Learning for Multicenter Learning
Fig. 6.1 Visual representation of the sample ontology Table 6.1 RDF representation of a patient based on the ontology of Fig. 6.1 Subject Predicate Object mySet:patient1001 rdf:type ncit:C16960 mySet:patient1001 myOntology:hasFirstName…
Artificial Neural Networks to Emulate and Compensate Breathing Motion During Radiation Therapy
Fig. 11.1 An example of regular breathing Fig. 11.2 An example of highly irregular breathing Fig. 11.3 A sequence of measurements of tumor position and chest marker position, showing a…
Classification of Malignant and Benign Tumors
(8.1) where f(u, v) is a function determined using a machine learning approach, which we choose to be support vector machine (SVM) learning [26], and ζ is the modeling error. The…
Computerized Detection of Lesions in Diagnostic Images
Fig. 7.1 Flowchart for a generic CADe scheme for the detection of lesions in diagnostic images. Boxes with solid lines indicate four core steps in the CADe scheme, and those…
Modelling of Normal Tissue Complication Probabilities (NTCP): Review of Application of Machine Learning in Predicting NTCP
Fig. 17.1 As the dose delivered to a tumour increases, so does the probability of tumour control (TCP). However, the resultant increase in dose to surrounding healthy tissues increases the…
Performance Evaluation in Machine Learning
Fig. 4.1 The main steps of evaluation Comparison of a new algorithm to other (may be generic or application-specific) classifiers on a specific domain (e.g., when proposing a novel learning…
