Adrenal Zonation and Development
Fig. 1.1 Concentric layers of the mouse adrenal gland. (a) Schematic of the various regions of the adrenal. (b) A representative H&E longitudinal mouse adrenal section. Zones are identified by…
Autoimmune Addison’s Disease: Genetic Aetiology and Pathophysiology
Gene or marker Population Number of patients Odds ratio P value MHC loci HLA-B*08 Norway [66] 414 2.6 4 × 10−11 HLA-DR3-DQ2 Norway [67] 94 3.6 <10−7 HLA-DR3-DQ2 Finland, Russia, Estonia [68]…
Genetics and Pathophysiology of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Gene Location Phenotype Characteristic laboratory findings CYP21A2 Classic forms 6p21.33 Ambiguous genitalia with virilization of females with continued postnatal virilization if undiagnosed Normal male genitalia at birth Acute adrenal insufficiency…
Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma: Mitotane and Beyond
Fig. 13.1 Effects of mitotane on mRNA expression of several steroidogenic enzymes . Black diamonds identify a definitive inhibitory effect, whereas diamonds identify mixed effects More recently, Sbiera et al….
Pharmacology of Glucocorticoids
Fig. 3.1 Chemical structure of hydrocortisone (cortisol) showing the four rings, A through D, along with numbering system for the carbon molecules. Also shown are the important features necessary for…
Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas: Genetics and Pathophysiology
Fig. 8.1 Catecholamine and metanephrine synthesis pathway . PNMT phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, COMT catechol-O-methyltransferase, MAO monoamine oxidase, VMA vanillylmandelic acid Consequences of Catecholamine Hypersecretion Catecholamines and metanephrines bind to the seven…
Primary Aldosteronism: From Genetic Causes to Clinical Guidelines
Fig. 6.1 Acute and chronic regulation of aldosterone production. (a) The acute actions of Ang II and extracellular potassium (K+) on adrenal glomerulosa cell aldosterone production. Ang II binds type…
Pathophysiology and Genetic Landscape of Adrenocortical Tumors and Hyperplasias
Fig. 7.1 Schematic representation of the cAMP signaling pathway involved in the control of cortisol secretion in primary adrenal Cushing’s syndrome. The binding of ACTH to MC2R leads to dissociation…
Other Rare Tumours and Tumour-Like Lesions
Fig. 6.1 Solid cell nests (SCNs) of the human thyroid. SCNs appear as cellular clusters with a lobulated configuration within the interstitium of the thyroid gland (a–c). They are usually…
Rare Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas
Fig. 2.1 Hobnail (micropapillary) variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. This variant typically shows a variable combination of papillary (a), micropapillary (b) and follicular growth pattern (c). Both the papillae and…
