Genitourinary System Tumors
Fig. 14.1 Triple immunostain cocktail of a prostate biopsy. In the definitely benign prostate acini (top), a layer of basal cells is stained brown, representing reactivity for cytokeratin 34βE12, a…
Coding and Reimbursement
Fig 21.1 Successful reimbursement depends on accurate coding of the service, insurance coverage of the service, and adequate pricing of the service The standard for coding medical services in the…
Quality Control and Quality Assurance in Solid Tumor Molecular Genetic Testing
Activity type Considerations Reagent preparation 1. Perform in cleanest environment 2. Store working stock solutions in single-use aliquots 3. Quality control each new set of reagents before use in clinical…
Molecular Biology Basics in the “Omics” Era: Genes to Proteins
Fig. 1.1 Structure of elements comprising the eukaryote protein coding (mRNA) gene. Modified from [40]. Used under creative commons attribution license DNA Encoding Messenger RNA, Enhancers, and snRNA The eukaryotic…
Thyroid and Parathyroid Tumors
Tumor type Prevalence (%) Papillary carcinoma BRAF 40–45 RET/PTC 10–20 RAS 10–20 TRK <5 Follicular carcinoma RAS 40–50 PAX8-PPARγ (PAX8-PPARG) 30–35 PIK3CA <10 PTEN <10 Poorly differentiated carcinoma RAS 20–40…
Pathologists’ Roles in Molecular Oncology Testing of Solid Tumors
Fig. 4.1 (40× and 200×) Specimens with predominantly tumor and minimal non tumor diluting cells. This is still not 100 % tumor as there are still non tumor nucleated cells…
Image-Guided Radiotherapy with Machine Learning
Fig. 9.1 Illustration of image-guided radiotherapy. Red contours indicate the prostates Many methods have been proposed to address this paramount yet compelling segmentation problem. For example, Freedman et al. [10]…
Machine Learning Methodology
(3.1) where UΣV T is the singular value decomposition of X. This is equivalent to transformation into a new coordinate system such that the greatest variance by any projection of…
Application of Machine Learning for Multicenter Learning
Fig. 6.1 Visual representation of the sample ontology Table 6.1 RDF representation of a patient based on the ontology of Fig. 6.1 Subject Predicate Object mySet:patient1001 rdf:type ncit:C16960 mySet:patient1001 myOntology:hasFirstName…
Artificial Neural Networks to Emulate and Compensate Breathing Motion During Radiation Therapy
Fig. 11.1 An example of regular breathing Fig. 11.2 An example of highly irregular breathing Fig. 11.3 A sequence of measurements of tumor position and chest marker position, showing a…
